Résumé
L’objet de cet article est un défi auquel font face les théories welfaristes de la justice intergénérationnelle. Les conceptions subjectives du welfarisme permettent et même exigent qu’une génération, G1, inculque des préférences chiches à la génération suivante, G2. Cela autoriserait G1 à consommer les ressources disponibles jusqu’à épuisement, au lieu de les épargner, ce qui semble contredire l’idéal de durabilité. L’objectif de cet article est de montrer que, même si en effet le welfarisme exige de cultiver des préférences chiches chez les générations futures, il peut néanmoins répondre à deux objections majeures à une éducation visant à former de telles préférences, l’Objection de l’Autonomie et l’Objection de l’Equité. Cet article défend les thèses suivantes. Un enseignement voué à développer les capacités liées à l’autonomie est compatible avec la formation de préférences chiches pour autant que l’autonomie est comprise comme un état final et non comme une précondition. Plus encore, le développement de l’autonomie pourrait même être requis afin d’améliorer les opportunités de bien-être de G2. Cependant, puisqu’être autonome rend G2 capable de réviser ses préférences chiches de départ, G1 devrait également épargner assez de ressources pour donner à G2 la possibilité de le faire. Par conséquent, cultiver des préférences chiches chez G2 ne permet pas à G1 d’épuiser les ressources disponibles.
Plan
- Introduction
- Equal prospects for well-being for future generations
- The prudential argument for cheap preferences engineering
- Three objections to cheap preferences engineering: the Objective Good Objection, the Autonomy Objection and the Fairness Objection
- Distributive implications
- Conclusion
Article
[L’article peut se lire en intégralité sur Cairn]
Bibliographie
- En ligneArneson, Richard. 1989. “Equality and Equal Opportunity for Welfare.” Philosophical Studies, 56/1: 77-93. doi:10.1007/BF00646210.
- Arneson, Richard. 1990. “Liberalism, Distributive Subjectivism, and Equal Opportunity for Welfare”. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 19/2: 158-94.
- En ligneArneson, Richard. 2006. “Desire Formation and Human Good.” Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, 81/59: 9-32.
- Arnsperger, Christian, Warren and A. Johnson. 2011. “The Guaranteed Income as an Equal Opportunity Tool in the Transition toward Sustainability”. In Axel Gosseries & Yannick Vanderborght (eds.), Arguing about Justice. Essays for Philippe Van Parijs, 61-70. Louvain-la-Neuve: Presses Universitaires de Louvain.
- Barry, Brian. 1983. “Intergenerational Justice in Energy Policy”. In MacLean & Brown (eds.), Energy and the Future. Totowa: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
- Barry, Brian. 1986. “Lady Chatterley’s Lover and Doctor Fischer’s Bomb Party: Liberalism, Pareto Optimality and the Problem of Objectionable Preferences”. In Jon Elster & Aanund Hylland (eds.), Foundations of Social Choice Theory. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
- Barry, Brian. 1995. Justice as Impartiality. Oxford [England]; New York: Clarendon Press ; Oxford University Press.
- En ligneBarry, Brian. 1997. “Sustainability and Intergenerational Justice”. Theoria, 44/89: 43-64.
- Blatt, J., L. Spencer and S. Ward. 1972. “A Cognitive Development Study of Children’s Reactions to Television Advertising”, Television and Social Behavior, 4: 452-467.
- En ligneBricker, Phillip. 1980. “Prudence”. Journal of Philosophy, 77/7: 381-401.
- En ligneBrighouse, Harry. 1998. “Civic Education and Liberal Legitimacy”. Ethics, 108/4: 719-745. doi:10.1086/et.1998.108.issue-4.
- Brighouse, Harry and Adam Swift. 2014. Family Values: The Ethics of Parent-Child Relationships. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- En ligneBucher, Anton A. 1998. “The Influence of Models in Forming Moral Identity”, International Journal of Educational Research, 27/7: 619-627. doi:10.1016/S0883-0355(97)00058-X.
- Bykvist, Krister. 2009. “Preference Formation and Intergenerational Justice”. In Axel Gosseries & Lukas Meyer, Intergenerational Justice, 301-322. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- En ligneCallan, Eamonn. 1997. Creating Citizens: Political Education and Liberal Democracy. OUP Oxford.
- En ligneClayton, Matthew. 2006. Justice and Legitimacy in Upbringing. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
- En ligneCohen, G. A. 1989. “On the Currency of Egalitarian Justice”, Ethics, 99/4: 906-944. doi:10.2307/2381239.
- Cohen, G. A. 2004. “Expensive Taste Rides Again”. In Dworkin and His Critics: With Replies by Dworkin. Blackwell Pub.
- Dumas, G., M. Khamassi, K. Ndiaye, Y. Jouffe, L. Foubert and C. Roth. 2012. “La publicité peut avoir des effets nocifs sur la société”, Le Monde, June 26. http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2012/06/26/la-publicite-peut-avoir-des-effets-nocifs-sur-la-societe_1724489_3232.html.
- Dworkin, Ronald. 1981. “What Is Equality? Part 1: Equality of Welfare”, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 10/3: 185-246.
- Dworkin, Ronald. 2000. Sovereign Virtue: The Theory and Practice of Equality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Easterlin, RA. 1973. “Does Money Buy Happiness?”, The Public Interest.
- Elster, Jon. 1982. “Sour Grapes”. In Sen, Amartya and Williams, Bernard (eds.), Utilitarianism and Beyond, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
- Frankfurt, Harry. 1971. “Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person”. The Journal of Philosophy, vol. 68, No. 1 (Jan. 14, 1971): 5-20.
- Gosseries, Axel. 2001. “What Do We Owe the Next Generation(s)”. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 35: 293.
- Gosseries, Axel. 2008. “Theories of Intergenerational Justice: A Synopsis”. Surv. Perspect. Integr. Environ. Soc, 1: 39-49.
- Gosseries, Axel. 2009. “Three models of intergenerational reciprocity”. In: Axel Gosseries & Lukas Meyer, Intergenerational Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Gosseries, Axel. 2011. “Qu’est-Ce Que Le Suffisantisme ?” Philosophiques, 38/2: 465-491.
- Harsanyi, John C. 1955. “Cardinal Welfare, Individualistic Ethics, and Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility”. Journal of Political Economy, 63/4: 309-321.
- Huxley, Aldous. 1932. Brave new world. London: Chatto & Windus.
- Kristjánsson, Kristján. 2006. “Emulation and the Use of Role Models in Moral Education”. Journal of Moral Education, 35/1: 37-49. doi:10.1080/03057240500495278.
- Liao, S. Matthew, Anders Sandberg, and Rebecca Roache. 2012. “Human Engineering and Climate Change”. Ethics, Policy & Environment, 15/2: 206-221. doi:10.1080/ 21550085.2012.685574.
- Lippert-Rasmussen, Kasper. 2012. “Equality of What? And Intergenerational Justice”. Ethical Perspectives – Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 19/3: 501-526.
- Mill, John Stuart. 1859. On Liberty. J. W. Parker and Son.
- Nussbaum, Martha. 2000. Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Otterholt, Tor. 2010. “‘The Taste Approach’. Governance beyond Libertarian paternalism”. Revue de philosophie économique, 11/1: 57-80. doi:10.3917/rpec.111.0057.
- Page, Edward A. 2007. “Intergenerational Justice of What: Welfare, Resources or Capabilities. Environmental Politics, 16/3: 453-469. doi:10.1080/09644010701251698.
- Persson, Ingmar, and Julian Savulescu. 2012. Unfit for the Future: The Need for Moral Enhancement. Oxford: Oxford University Press, USA.
- Raz, Joseph. 1986. The Morality of Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Schor, Juliet B. 2005. Born to Buy: The Commercialized Child and the New Consumer Culture. Reprint edition. New York: Scribner.
- Sen, Amartya. 1977. “Rational Fools: A Critique of the Behavioral Foundations of Economic Theory”. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 6/4: 317-344.
- Sen, Amartya. 1985. Commodities and Capabilities. Amsterdam; New York; New York, N.Y., U.S.A.: North-Holland ; Sole distributors for the U.S.A. and Canada, Elsevier Science Pub. Co.
- Sumner, L. W. 1999. Welfare, Happiness, and Ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- United Nations. 2014. Third International Conference on Small Island Developing States. A/CONF.223/3. Apia: United Nations.
- United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2013. World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables. ESA/P/WP. 227. New York: United Nations.
- United Nations. Environment Programme. 1992. Agenda 21. United Nations.
- En ligneVan Parijs, Philippe. 2003. “Frugal Tastes and Frugal Conduct: Five or Six Ways in which They May Make Sense”. Ethical Perspectives 2/2003: 151-155.
- WWF. 2014. Living Planet Report. http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/all_publications/living_planet_report/.
Mots-clés
Préférences chiches, Justice intergénérationnelle, Education, Autonomie, Egalité